The
Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter
2,300+ Scientific Citations (> 22,000
experimental data values)
A total of 2300+ historical scientific citations
concerned with the experimental stopping and range of ions in matter are available
in the below table. The citations are shown as Adobe PDF files.
The
citations start from the 1900 paper by Mme. Sklodowska-Curie,
“Sur la Penetration des Rayons de Becquerel non Deviables
par le Champ Magnetique”, published in Acad. Sci. of Paris. For this paper (and following papers),
Madame Curie received the Nobel Prize in Physics just 3 years later (1903) for
this prophetic work.
Below
are PLOTS of ALL the stopping data listed in these 2,300+ citations: a total of
more than 22,000
experimental stopping data values.
ččč Detailed explanations are at the bottom of this page. ççç
For
similar discussions of Stopping see:
·
Stopping in Compounds ; High Energy Stopping ; Ranges of Ions ; Including SRIM in other Software
Data Plots and Citations of Stopping of Ions in
Matter
-
1 -
Ion or
Target
Name
|
-
2 -Atomic
Number
ę
|
-
3 -
Target
Phase
ę
|
-
4 -
Hydrogen
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
-
5-
Helium
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
-
6-
Lithium
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
-
7-
Atomic
Number
ę
|
-
8 -
Ion
Stopping
(All
Targets)
|
-
9 -
Target
Stopping
(All
Ions)
|
-
10 -
Atomic
Number
ę
|
-
11 -
Ion or
Target
Name
|
|||||
|
Hydrogen |
01 |
gas |
01 |
01 |
Hydrogen |
||||||||||
|
Helium |
02
|
gas |
02
|
02
|
Helium |
||||||||||
|
Lithium |
03
|
solid |
03
|
03
|
Lithium |
||||||||||
|
Beryllium |
04
|
solid |
04
|
04
|
Beryllium |
||||||||||
|
Boron |
05
|
solid |
05
|
05
|
Boron |
||||||||||
|
Carbon |
06
|
solid |
06
|
06
|
Carbon |
||||||||||
|
Nitrogen |
07
|
gas |
07
|
07
|
Nitrogen |
||||||||||
|
Oxygen |
08
|
gas |
08
|
08
|
Oxygen |
||||||||||
|
Fluorine |
09
|
gas |
none |
Plot |
none |
09
|
09
|
Fluorine |
|||||||
|
Neon |
10
|
gas |
10
|
10
|
Neon |
||||||||||
|
Sodium |
11
|
solid |
Plot |
none |
Plot |
none |
Plot |
11
|
11
|
Sodium |
|||||
|
Magnesium |
12
|
solid |
12
|
12
|
Magnesium |
||||||||||
|
Aluminum |
13
|
solid |
13
|
13
|
Aluminum |
||||||||||
|
Silicon |
14
|
solid |
14
|
14
|
Silicon |
||||||||||
|
Phosphorus |
15
|
solid |
Plot |
none |
Plot |
none |
Plot |
15
|
15
|
Phosphorus |
|||||
|
Sulfur |
16
|
solid |
none |
16
|
16
|
Sulfur |
|||||||||
|
Chlorine |
17
|
gas |
17
|
17
|
Chlorine |
||||||||||
|
Argon |
18
|
gas |
18
|
18
|
Argon |
||||||||||
|
Potassium |
19
|
solid |
none |
Plot |
none |
Plot |
19
|
19
|
Potassium |
||||||
|
Calcium |
20
|
solid |
20
|
20
|
Calcium |
||||||||||
|
Scandium |
21
|
solid |
21
|
21
|
Scandium |
||||||||||
|
Titanium |
22
|
solid |
22
|
22
|
Titanium |
||||||||||
|
Vanadium |
23
|
solid |
23
|
23
|
Vanadium |
||||||||||
|
Chromium |
24
|
solid |
24
|
24
|
Chromium |
||||||||||
|
Manganese |
25
|
solid |
25
|
25
|
Manganese |
||||||||||
|
Iron |
26
|
solid |
26
|
26
|
Iron |
||||||||||
|
Cobalt |
27
|
solid |
27
|
27
|
Cobalt |
||||||||||
|
Nickel |
28
|
solid |
28
|
28
|
Nickel |
||||||||||
|
Copper |
29
|
solid |
29
|
29
|
Copper |
||||||||||
|
Zinc |
30
|
solid |
30
|
30
|
Zinc |
||||||||||
|
Gallium |
31
|
solid |
31
|
31
|
Gallium |
||||||||||
|
Germanium |
32
|
solid |
32
|
32
|
Germanium |
||||||||||
|
Arsenic |
33
|
solid |
33
|
33
|
Arsenic |
||||||||||
|
Selenium |
34
|
solid |
34
|
34
|
Selenium |
||||||||||
|
Bromine |
35
|
gas |
none |
35
|
35
|
Bromine |
|||||||||
|
Krypton |
36
|
gas |
36
|
36
|
Krypton |
||||||||||
|
Rubidium |
37
|
solid |
none |
37
|
37
|
Rubidium |
|||||||||
|
Strontium |
38
|
solid |
38
|
38
|
Strontium |
||||||||||
|
Yttrium |
39
|
solid |
39
|
39
|
Yttrium |
||||||||||
|
Zirconium |
40
|
solid |
40
|
40
|
Zirconium |
||||||||||
|
Niobium |
41
|
solid |
41
|
41
|
Niobium |
||||||||||
|
Molybdenum |
42
|
solid |
42
|
42
|
Molybdenum |
||||||||||
|
Technetium |
43
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
43
|
43
|
Technetium |
||||
|
Ruthenium |
44
|
solid |
|
none |
|
|
none |
44
|
44
|
Ruthenium |
|||||
|
Rhodium |
45
|
solid |
|
none |
45
|
45
|
Rhodium |
||||||||
|
Palladium |
46
|
solid |
46
|
46
|
Palladium |
||||||||||
|
Silver |
47
|
solid |
47
|
47
|
Silver |
||||||||||
Ion or
Target
Name
|
é
Atomic
Number
ę
|
é
Target
Phase
ę
|
Hydrogen
Ion
Stopping
|
Helium
Ion
Stopping
|
Lithium
Ion
Stopping
|
é
Ion
or
Target
Number
ę
|
Ion
Stopping
(All
Targets)
|
Target
Stopping
(All
Ions)
|
é
Atomic
Number
ę
|
Ion or
Target
Name
|
|||||
|
Cadmium |
48
|
solid |
48
|
48
|
Cadmium |
||||||||||
|
Indium |
49
|
solid |
49
|
49
|
Indium |
||||||||||
|
Tin |
50
|
solid |
50
|
50
|
Tin |
||||||||||
|
Antimony |
51
|
solid |
51
|
51
|
Antimony |
||||||||||
|
Tellurium |
52
|
solid |
52
|
52
|
Tellurium |
||||||||||
|
Iodine |
53
|
gas |
|
none |
none |
none |
53
|
none |
53
|
Iodine |
|||||
|
Xenon |
54
|
gas |
54
|
54
|
Xenon |
||||||||||
|
Cesium |
55
|
solid |
55
|
55
|
Cesium |
||||||||||
|
Barium |
56
|
solid |
|
none |
56
|
56
|
Barium |
||||||||
|
Lanthanum |
57
|
solid |
57
|
57
|
Lanthanum |
||||||||||
|
Cerium |
58
|
solid |
58
|
58
|
Cerium |
||||||||||
|
Praseodymium |
59
|
solid |
none |
59
|
59
|
Praseodymium |
|||||||||
|
Neodymium |
60
|
solid |
none |
none |
60
|
60
|
Neodymium |
||||||||
|
Promethium |
61
|
solid |
none |
none |
none |
61
|
none |
61
|
Promethium |
||||||
|
Samarium |
62
|
solid |
none |
none |
62
|
62
|
Samarium |
||||||||
|
Europium |
63
|
solid |
|
none |
none |
none |
63
|
none |
63
|
Europium |
|||||
|
Gadolinium |
64
|
solid |
64
|
64
|
Gadolinium |
||||||||||
|
Terbium |
65
|
solid |
none |
65
|
65
|
Terbium |
|||||||||
|
Dysprosium |
66
|
solid |
none |
66
|
66
|
Dysprosium |
|||||||||
|
Holium |
67
|
solid |
none |
67
|
67
|
Holium |
|||||||||
|
Erbium |
68
|
solid |
none |
68
|
68
|
Erbium |
|||||||||
|
Thulium |
69
|
solid |
|
none |
none |
69
|
69
|
Thulium |
|||||||
|
Ytterbium |
70
|
solid |
none |
70
|
70
|
Ytterbium |
|||||||||
|
Lutetium |
71
|
solid |
none |
71
|
71
|
Lutetium |
|||||||||
|
Hafnium |
72
|
solid |
none |
72
|
72
|
Hafnium |
|||||||||
|
Tantalum |
73
|
solid |
73
|
73
|
Tantalum |
||||||||||
|
Tungsten |
74
|
solid |
74
|
74
|
Tungsten |
||||||||||
|
Rhenium |
75
|
solid |
none |
none |
75
|
|
none |
75
|
Rhenium |
||||||
|
Osmium |
76
|
solid |
76
|
|
none |
76
|
Osmium |
||||||||
|
Iridium |
77
|
solid |
77
|
77
|
Iridium |
||||||||||
|
Platinum |
78
|
solid |
78
|
78
|
Platinum |
||||||||||
|
Gold |
79
|
solid |
79
|
79
|
Gold |
||||||||||
|
Mercury |
80
|
gas |
|
none |
|
none |
80
|
|
80
|
Mercury |
|||||
|
Thallium |
81
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
81
|
81
|
Thallium |
||||
|
Lead |
82
|
solid |
82
|
82
|
Lead |
||||||||||
|
Bismuth |
83
|
solid |
83
|
83
|
Bismuth |
||||||||||
|
Polonium |
84
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
84
|
|
|
none |
84
|
Polonium |
|
|
Asatine |
85
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
85
|
|
|
none |
85
|
Asatine |
|
|
Radon |
86
|
gas |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
86
|
|
|
none |
86
|
Radon |
|
|
Francium |
87
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
87
|
|
|
none |
87
|
Francium |
|
|
Radium |
88
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
88
|
|
|
none |
88
|
Radium |
|
|
Actinium |
89
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
89
|
|
none |
|
none |
89
|
Actinium |
|
Thorium |
90
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
90
|
|
|
none |
90
|
Thorium |
|
|
Proactinium |
91
|
solid |
|
none |
|
none |
|
none |
91
|
|
none |
|
none |
91
|
Proactinium |
|
Uranium |
92
|
solid |
92
|
92
|
Uranium |
||||||||||
Ion or Target
Name
|
é
Atomic
Number
|
é
Target
Phase
|
Hydrogen
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
Helium
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
Lithium
Ion
Stopping
Plots
of Data
&
Citations
|
é
Atomic
Number
|
Ion
Stopping
(All
Targets)
|
Target
Stopping
(All
Ions)
|
é
Atomic
Number
|
Ion or
Target
Name
|
|||||
Comments on Plots and Citations (above table):
Look at the top of Column 4 (above) marked "Hydrogen Ion
Stopping - Plots of Data & Citations ", this column gives access to the
experimental results from more than 700 papers of the stopping of protons in
elemental targets (targets consisting of only one element- no compounds).
· As an example, the top selection in this column is for a target of Hydrogen gas. If you click on the tab “Plot”, you will open a plot of Hydrogen Ion experimental stopping data from 30 papers.
o The upper plot shows these data plotted with the SRIM stopping calculation for this ion/target. The value noted as Data Sets = 13 (134 pts), means that data from a total of 13 papers are included in the plot, and there are 134 experimental data points plotted. The note: Mean Error = 2.8% shows the average deviation of the data from the SRIM curve.
o The lower graph plots the percent deviation of each data-point from SRIM. Most of the data points are well within 5% of the zero line..
o To identify the individual data points, go to the upper-right part of the graph and note the color-coding of each paper. The top paper is labeled “1953-Phil” and indicates that there are 8 BLUE data points, and all of these ions are below 1 MeV. (The column Pts <1 means the number of data points less than 1 MeV/amu.)
o If you now click on the tab “Citations” for this ion/target of H ions in H, you will get a listing of 37 papers (not all of which have experimental stopping data). The 6th citation is dated 1953, by J. A. Philips. This is the paper of these 8 data points. Looking at the lower plot, you will see these 8 data points in the lower part of the display, ranging from 10-80 keV/amu.
· Looking further at the Citations for H ions in H gas, at the bottom of each item are Comments which use the abbreviations: R = Ranges, dR = Range straggling, S = Stopping Powers, dS = Straggling in Stopping. This describes the kind of data presented in each paper. If you look at the top 5 citations, dating from 1930 to 1953, only one shows measurements of Stopping: 1942-Crenshaw. The Crenshaw paper reported stopping relative to stopping in air, and not absolute values (see note under the citation). That why these papers are not included in the plot. The first paper with experimental data is that of J. A. Philips (1953).
· The main purpose of this plot is to evaluate SRIM stopping values compared to the experimental data (to a theorist, it helps determine the ion’s charge state in this target as a function of its velocity).
Columns 4, 5 and 6 (in table above) are Experimental Data plots and Citations about H, He and Li ions stopping in Elemental Targets.
Column
8 lists citations/plots
for Ion Stopping (All Targets). For any Ion, stopping is shown for All
elemental Targets. There
are the same dual plots of data as above.
· Clicking on the top “Plot” tab in this column shows Hydrogen ion stopping in All Targets. A total of 5940 data points from 69 papers are plotted in this plot. Wow!
· The adjacent Citations tab shows 70 pages of 629 papers. This is overwhelming.
· But if you go down to less studied ions in column 8, such as Silver (47), there are only 19 citations of silver ions stopping in elemental targets, with a total of 56 data points in 13 papers plotted.
· The main purpose of this kind of plot is to evaluate if the ion’s stopping is accurately calculated by SRIM (especially the ion’s charge state as a function of energy).
Column
9 lists
citations/plots for Target Stopping (All Ions). For any
elemental Target, Stopping is shown for All Ions. There are the same dual plots of data as
above.
· The main purpose of these plots is to evaluate if stopping values are accurately calculated by SRIM (especially the band-gap and electron mobility in each target material).
· In the upper plot, the data are “normalized” to one stopping target, usually Aluminum (Al-27). That means if one is considering the stopping of the ion in a target of Gold (Au-79), and the experimental value at a specific energy is 5% higher than theory, then it is plotted as 5% higher than that ion’s stopping for Aluminum. That makes the distribution of experimental data to appear similar to how it would look if plotted against its own stopping curve.
· As with Column 8, some targets have been studied for many many decades (more than 100 years). For a Target = Aluminum, there are 2126 data points from 276 papers, and for Gold there are 2567 points, from 315 papers.
All Citation files are in Adobe Acrobat format (www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html). The Acrobat Reader does not work well with all browsers. If you have trouble viewing the files below in your browser window, right-click on the link and Save it to your hard disk. Then use your local copy of Acrobat Reader to view and print the file. Acrobat usually works OK on files on your own computer, where you don't have to look at the file in a browser format..
For
similar discussions of Stopping see webpages:
·
Stopping in Compounds ; High Energy
Stopping ; Ranges of Ions ;
Including SRIM in
other Software
Note: If you find ERRORS in any of the above, please send an email
to: Ziegler@SRIM.org Corrections will be appreciated.